Postdoctoral training is an important stage in scholarly development and career advancement for individuals who have obtained a PhD. The training is conducted under the supervision of a professor who is a faculty member qualified in the discipline in which training is being sought. The supervisor's role is to ensure a suitable research environment and to mentor the postdoctoral candidate for career development. Postdoctoral Fellows are expected to perform supervised research (either collaboratively or independently), to be able to write grant and research proposals, and to present their research in the form of teaching, conference presentations, or in publication, all at a competitive level. In addition to research skills, it is important that postdoctoral fellows achieve proficiency in other professional skills important in embarking upon a successful career. Although responsibilities other than research, such as teaching, are usually minimal, such activities can be pursued in the context of the Postdoctoral Fellows's personal training goals, and in conjunction with university administration.